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 * Chapter 12 Notes**

Chapter 12 Section 1 Study Guide

Adams: from Massachusetts, son of former President, family of professionals and political leaders, former Secretary of State, Republican later a Whig, believed in strong central government called for federal support of arts sciences and transportation. Jackson: from Tennessee, born in a log cabin to farmers, military leader in the War of 1812, Republican later a Democrat, supported working people and small farmers. 6. Suffrage is the right to vote. 7. Majority means more than half 8. Whigs were formerly called National Republicans 9. Democrat was a political party which supported Andrew Jackson; included farmers and factory workers 10. Caucus is a private meeting in which candidates are chosen 11. Nominating convention is a meeting in which delegates of all states choose the party's candidate for President.

Chapter 12 Section 2 Study Guide

1. Andrew Jackson's early professional experience was as a lawyer and landowner; later he was elected to Congress. 2. Jackson planned to reform the government by appointing many ordinary citizens (his own supporters) to government posts. 3. Jackson opposed the National Bank because he thought it was undemocratic and too powerful. 4. The National Bank controlled loans made by state banks; it could limit the amount these banks could lend. 5. Clay and Webster tried to save the National Bank by persuading the its president, Nicholas Biddle, to apply early for renewal of its charter so that it would be an issue in the 1832 election. They believed that if Jackson blocked the renewal, he would lose the election. 6. Jackson eventually destroyed the National Bank by vetoing its request for charter renewal. After he won the election, he stopped depositing federal money in the bank. It closed in 1836. 7. Because the spoils belong to the winner of a contest, Jackson's practice of rewarding his supporters with government jobs became known as the spoils system. 8. Jackson's kitchen cabinet was an informal group of advisers who met in the White House kitchen.

Chapter 12 Section 3 Study Guide

1. Southerners hated the 1828 tariff because it raised the prices on the goods they imported; they thought it was unconstitutional. 2. Daniel Webster argued against nullification on the grounds that if states had the right to cancel federal laws, the nation would fall apart. 3. The Indian Removal Act forced Indians to move west of the Mississippi River to barren lands. 4. Causes of the Panic of 1837 included loans state banks made to land speculators, the printing by state banks of paper money not backed by gold or silver, the closing of banks, and the lowering of cotton prices because of surplus crops. 5. To ease the economic depression, President Van Buren tried to stabilize the banking system and cut back on federal expenses. 6. Changes in political campaigns that started in 1840 included candidates' traveling and giving speeches, rallies, banquets, entertainment, and mudslinging. 7. Nullification means cancellation. 8. Depression refers to a period in which business declines and many people lose their jobs. 9. mudslinging is the use of insults to attack opponent's reputation.