Chapter+10+Notes

Chapter 10 Notes

Age of Jefferson

Section One - A Republican Takes Office

Presidency of Thomas Jefferson

Goal 1: Reduce the size of the national government Policies: 1. Tried to cut the federal budget (what we plan to spend) and reduce federal debt (how much we owe). 2. Pushed for laissez-faire governmental policies. (laissez-faire means the government should play a very small role in the economy) 3. D size of governmental departments. 4. Reduce the size of the army and navy. 5. Wanted to repeal the Whiskey Tax (designed to help farmers - they grew the corn which made the whiskey - no tax made whiskey cheaper and allowed for more to bought).

Answers to Section One Study Guide 1. Jefferson wanted to make the government more democratic because he believed the nation's strength came from ordinary people, such as farmers. 2. Some Federalists were worried about Jefferson's democratic beliefs. They knew that he supported the French Revolution and they feared that he might bring revolutionary change to the United States. They were also afraid he mioght punish Federalists who had used the Alien and Sedition acts to jail Republicans. 3. One way Jefferson reduced the size of government was by reducing the federal budget. Additionally, he reduced the size of federal departments and reduced the size of the army and navy. 4. Jefferson hated the Sedition Act and the day it expired he pardoned those who were in jail because of it. 5. Unlike Jefferson, John Marshall - Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, was a staunch Federalist. He wanted to make the Federal government stronger. 6. In Marbury v. Madison, an important precedent was set. It gave the Supreme Court the power to decide whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional and to reject laws that it considered unconstitutional. This power of the Court is called **judicial review**. 7. Laissez faire is the idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs. 8. Free Market is an economy with little regulation. 9. Judicial Review is the power when the Supreme Court decides whether laws are constitutional.

Answers to Section 2 Study Guide

1. Settlers west of the Appalachians relied on the Mississippi River to transport their products to the markets on the east coast. 2. In order to be sure that American farmers would always be able to ship their goods through the port of New Orleans, the United States wanted to purchase New Orleans and West Florida from France. 3. Because of the inability to regain control of Haiti following the slave revolt led by Toussaint L'Ouverture - which discouraged Napoleon from establishing colonies in America - and the need for money to fight the costly wars in Europe, the French offered to sell all of Louisiana to the United States. 4. Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the Louisiana Territory because he wanted to learn about the geography of the area and learn about the Native Americans who lived in the area - hopefully being able to establish trade with them. 5. Sacagawea proved invaluable to the Lewis and Clark expedition. Because she knew about the healing qualities of plants and herbs, the expedition relied on her for medical help. The presence of Sacagawea and her baby showed Indians in the area that the party was friendly. She also helped win the needed gift of horses from her people, the Shoshone. 6. The expedition had generally peaceful dealings with the Indians due in part because Lewis and Clark brought many gifts for the native peoples. 7. Zebulon Pike explored the Mississippi River, the Arkansas River, and parts of present-day Colorado and New Mexico. 8. In the Pinckney Treaty of 1795, Spain agreed to let Americans ship their goods down the Mississippi and store them in New Orleans. 9. The purchase of an enormous piece of land west of the Mississippi River from France was known as the Louisiana Purchase. 10. A continental divide is a mountain ridge that separates river systems flowing toward opposite sides of the continent.

Answers to Section 3 Study Guide 1. Traders from New England traded ice for silk and spices from India. 2. New England merchants built up a thriving trade with China. 3. New Englanders sailed up the Pacific coast and traded furs which they sold in China. 4. American traders operating in the Mediterranean Sea paid the rulers of the Barbary States to prevent pirate attacks. 5. France seized American ships on their way to England. 6. The British captured American ships on their way to France and forced American sailors into service in the British navy. 7. The Embargo Act cut off all foreign trade. 8. American merchants were unable to import or export goods. 9. Because the Embargo Act was too strict, it was replaced by an act banning trade with Britain and France only. 10. To protect its ships from attack, the United States paid a tribute to Tripoli. 11. British impressment gangs kidnapped young men and forced them into service in the British navy. 12. A law banning trade is called an embargo. 13. From 1807 to 1809, many American merchants violated trade laws by smuggling.

Conflict with Native Americans White settlers ignored treaties. About a million white settlers moved into Indian lands. Lots of fighting between Indians and settlers. British supported Indians with guns. Indians defeated at Fallen Timbers.

Tecumseh's Confederation Settlers keep moving west, Tecumseh and his brother, The Prophet, come to power. They urge Indians to get away from whites, that trade with whites destroys Indian culture. Indians from all over the Midwest come to Tecumseh's village. Tecumseh urges all Indians to unite. Rivalries between Indian groups prevent them from uniting. At Battle of Tippecanoe The Prophet was defeated.

Section 4 Study Guide America wanted war because: 1. Resented being treated as a colony of Britain 2. anger over impressment 3. ensure safety of settlers by destroying British alliance with Native Americans 4. possibility of taking Florida from Spain in a war with Britain 5. anger over British blockade of U.S. ports Britain wanted war because: 6. supported Native Americans in their conflict with settlers 7. resented continuing trade between U.S. and France 8. resented embargo on British trade 9. Tecumseh was a Shawnee leader who organized Indian nations into a confederation to fight for their lands 10. The Prophet was a Shawnee leader and brother of Tecumseh who led Native American forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe 11. William Henry Harrison was governor of Indiana territory who led American forces at the Battle of Tippecanoe, defeating the Indians

Section 5 Study Guide 1. Some of the difficulties faced by the United States as the War of 1812 began included a small and poorly equiped army; small navy; and poorly trained volunteer soldiers. 2. The USS Constitution fired on the Guerriere and caused enough damage to force it to surrender. 3. General Brock dressed his soldiers in red coats to make them look like British troops; he led Americans to believe that Native Americans were helping the Canadian soldiers. 4. Tecumseh died in the Battle of the Thames, and the Indian confederation fell apart. After the Americans won the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, the Indians surrendered. 5. Dolley Madison fled the White House with important papers and George Washington's portrait. 6. At Ft. McHenry the British bombarded the harbor all night but withdrew in the morning because the fort held. Francis Scott Key observed the battle and wrote a poem, "The Star-Spangled Banner," that would later become the national anthem. 7. At New Orleans, Andrew Jackson led experienced troops who dug trenches from which to fight. The troops killed 2000 British soldiers and only lost 7 of their own. Jackson became a national hero. 8. After the war, America and Britain agreed to restore prewar conditions. 9. Battle of Lake Erie - victory for Americans 10. Battle of New Orleans - victory for Americans - fought after war was officially over 11. Hartford Convention - New Englanders who opposed the war threatened to leave the Union if it continued, the convention broke up after the war ended. 12. Treaty of Ghent - peace treaty that ended the War of 1812